Some suggest that the incidence of deja vu is more common among people with schizophrenia than among the population in general (Cutting & Silzer, 1990; Kirshner, 1973; Neppe, 1983e; Richardson & Winokur, 1967, 1968). However, it is difficult to determine whether their deja vu experience is similar to that of nonschizophrenic individuals because schizophrenia involves a variety of cognitive distortions (M. A. Harper, 1969). Sno, Schalken, and de Jonghe (1992) suggested that there is a continuum of deja vu, ranging from brief and fleeting in those without to chronic and prolonged in those with schizophrenia.
Taking a more general look at deja vu and psychopathology, M. A. Harper (1969) did not find any general relationship between deja vu frequency and neurotic traits (and phobias) or psychiatric health. In fact, deja vu appeared to be less common in neurotic individuals.
Richardson and Winokur (1968) examined the incidence of deja vu across 10 subtypes of psychopathology (depression, schizophrenia, personality disorder, etc.) and found a higher deja vu incidence only for individuals with personality disorder and situational reaction. They concluded that deja vu might be diagnostic of personality disorder, but the high variability in sample size across subtypes and the problematic sampling procedures make this conclusion suspect.
In a comparison of seven subtypes of neuropathology (brain, meninges, cerebral vessels, spinal cord, etc.), Richardson and Winokur (1968) found no difference in the incidence of deja vu. However, deja vu has been found to be more common in those who have suffered head injury with loss of consciousness (M. A. Harper, 1969) in addition to being associated with amphetamine psychosis (Ellinwood, 1968), influenza medications (amantadine and phenylpropanolamine; Taiminen & Ja ¨a ¨skela ¨inen, 2001), abuse of toluene-based solvents (Takaoka, Ikawa, & Niwa, 2001), withdrawal from medications prescribed for bipolar disorder (carbamazepine, clonazepam; Garbutt & Gillette, 1988), and herpes simplex encephalitis (Yamashita, Yoshida, Yoneda, Mori, & Yamadori, 1994).
Taking a more general look at deja vu and psychopathology, M. A. Harper (1969) did not find any general relationship between deja vu frequency and neurotic traits (and phobias) or psychiatric health. In fact, deja vu appeared to be less common in neurotic individuals.
Richardson and Winokur (1968) examined the incidence of deja vu across 10 subtypes of psychopathology (depression, schizophrenia, personality disorder, etc.) and found a higher deja vu incidence only for individuals with personality disorder and situational reaction. They concluded that deja vu might be diagnostic of personality disorder, but the high variability in sample size across subtypes and the problematic sampling procedures make this conclusion suspect.
In a comparison of seven subtypes of neuropathology (brain, meninges, cerebral vessels, spinal cord, etc.), Richardson and Winokur (1968) found no difference in the incidence of deja vu. However, deja vu has been found to be more common in those who have suffered head injury with loss of consciousness (M. A. Harper, 1969) in addition to being associated with amphetamine psychosis (Ellinwood, 1968), influenza medications (amantadine and phenylpropanolamine; Taiminen & Ja ¨a ¨skela ¨inen, 2001), abuse of toluene-based solvents (Takaoka, Ikawa, & Niwa, 2001), withdrawal from medications prescribed for bipolar disorder (carbamazepine, clonazepam; Garbutt & Gillette, 1988), and herpes simplex encephalitis (Yamashita, Yoshida, Yoneda, Mori, & Yamadori, 1994).
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